{"id":9268,"date":"2025-04-09T18:17:36","date_gmt":"2025-04-09T16:17:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/a-journey-through-the-imagery-of-light\/"},"modified":"2025-05-15T13:51:57","modified_gmt":"2025-05-15T11:51:57","slug":"a-journey-through-the-imagery-of-light","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/en\/a-journey-through-the-imagery-of-light\/","title":{"rendered":"A journey through the imagery of light"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; bg_type=&#8221;bg_color&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221; bg_color_value=&#8221;#000000&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746632125762{background-color: #000000 !important;}&#8221; anchor=&#8221;hero&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;368px&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;color-blanc m3-bottom-res&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1>A journey through the imagery of light<\/h1>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]    <div class=\"block_quote color-blanco m6-bottom-res italic\">\n        <div class=\"image_holder\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/avatar-lux.jpg\" alt=\"\">\n                <\/div>\n        <div class=\"block_quote_content\">\n                                        <p>LUX \u2013 Light. From Latin: lux, lucis.<br \/>\nAlso: Unit derived from the International System of Units for Illumination or lighting level  <\/p>\n                        <div class=\"social-links\">\n                                                                                                                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    [\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;190px&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; bg_type=&#8221;grad&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1740590072551{margin-top: -95px !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221; bg_grad=&#8221;background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%, #000000), color-stop(20%, #000000), color-stop(21%, #FFFFFF), color-stop(60%, #FFFFFF));background: -moz-linear-gradient(top,#000000 0%,#000000 20%,#FFFFFF 21%,#FFFFFF 60%);background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top,#000000 0%,#000000 20%,#FFFFFF 21%,#FFFFFF 60%);background: -o-linear-gradient(top,#000000 0%,#000000 20%,#FFFFFF 21%,#FFFFFF 60%);background: -ms-linear-gradient(top,#000000 0%,#000000 20%,#FFFFFF 21%,#FFFFFF 60%);background: linear-gradient(top,#000000 0%,#000000 20%,#FFFFFF 21%,#FFFFFF 60%);&#8221;][vc_column css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739708113171{margin-top: -95px !important;}&#8221;]<div id=\"ult-carousel-71922993869d21ccd6e1c7\" class=\"ult-carousel-wrapper   ult_horizontal\" data-gutter=\"10\" data-rtl=\"false\" ><div class=\"ult-carousel-372023522869d21ccd6e106 \" ><div class=\"ult-item-wrap\" data-animation=\"animated no-animation\"><div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/blade-runner-1982.webp\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tBlade Runner, 1982, by Ridley Scott\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"qode-info-card-text\" >\n\t\t\t\tA building\u2019s fa\u00e7ade is transformed into a screen that projects an advertising image of a woman taking a pill, featuring Eastern music in the background. The same film, Blade Runner (1982, directed by Ridley Scott), depicts the face of the replicant Roy Batty, split between light and shadow, after the terrible and desperate act of murdering his creator, Tyrell, while the lift starts its metaphorical descent to hell. \t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ult-item-wrap\" data-animation=\"animated no-animation\"><div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/metropolis.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tMetr\u00f2polis, 1927, by Fritz Lang\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"qode-info-card-text\" >\n\t\t\t\tA scientist tests different devices that generate a circuit of liquids and lights that activate an electric current and a spiral of light giving life to a robot. This robot will lead the workers\u2019 rebellion in the underground ghetto against the dominant powers on the surface \t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ult-item-wrap\" data-animation=\"animated no-animation\"><div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/nosferatu.webp\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tNosferatu, 1922, by F. W. Murnau\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"qode-info-card-text\" >\n\t\t\t\tThe shadow of Nosferatu\u2019s hands and head are projected over the image of a sleeping girl\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ult-item-wrap\" data-animation=\"animated no-animation\"><div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/the-third-man1.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tThe Third Man,1949, directed by Carol Reed\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"qode-info-card-text\" >\n\t\t\t\tA character, played by Orson Welles, escapes toward the light of Vienna\u2019s sewers\/underworld in The Third Man\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ult-item-wrap\" data-animation=\"animated no-animation\"><div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/barrylyndon.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tBarry Lyndon, 1975, Stanley Kubrick\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"qode-info-card-text\" >\n\t\t\t\tIn Barry Lyndon (1975), Stanley Kubrick aimed for the natural light, the light entering through the windows, the fire light from the battles, and the candles inside the house to pictorially illuminate all the scenes that recreate the social ascension and downfall of a man in the 18th century, the century of the Enlightenment.\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ult-item-wrap\" data-animation=\"animated no-animation\"><div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/caravaggio.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tCaravaggio, 1986, Derek Jarman\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"qode-info-card-text\" >\n\t\t\t\tHigh contrast lighting depicts a young Bacchus posing with a fruit basket. Suddenly, he turns, looks at the camera, and bursts into laughter with Caravaggio, the artist (in Derek Jarman\u2019s version, 1986) who is painting the Greek god. \t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ult-item-wrap\" data-animation=\"animated no-animation\"><div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/tron1982.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tTron, 1982, Steven Lisberger\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"qode-info-card-text\" >\n\t\t\t\tIn Tron (1982, directed by Steven Lisberger) the characters are kidnapped by rays of laser light and literally enter the video games they are programming.\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ult-item-wrap\" data-animation=\"animated no-animation\"><div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/starwars.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tStar Wars. L\u2019Imperi Contraataca, 1980, by Irvin Kershner \t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"qode-info-card-text\" >\n\t\t\t\tPacing with confidence and dominance, Darth Vader deploys his red lightsabre, starting a duel with Luke Skywalker, who wields the blue lightsabre of the Jedi knights. The forces of good and evil face off in Star Wars. The Empire Strikes Back.  \t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\t\t\t\tjQuery(document).ready(function ($) {\n\t\t\t\t\tif( typeof jQuery('.ult-carousel-372023522869d21ccd6e106').slick == \"function\"){\n\t\t\t\t\t\t$('.ult-carousel-372023522869d21ccd6e106').slick({dots: true,autoplay: true,autoplaySpeed: \"5000\",speed: \"300\",infinite: true,arrows: true,nextArrow: '<button type=\"button\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Next\" style=\"color:#333333; font-size:20px;\" class=\"slick-next default\"><i class=\"ultsl-arrow-right6\"><\/i><\/button>',prevArrow: '<button type=\"button\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Previous\" style=\"color:#333333; font-size:20px;\" class=\"slick-prev default\"><i class=\"ultsl-arrow-left6\"><\/i><\/button>',slidesToScroll:4,slidesToShow:4,swipe: true,draggable: true,touchMove: true,pauseOnHover: true,pauseOnFocus: false,centerMode: true,adaptiveHeight: true,responsive: [\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  breakpoint: 1026,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  settings: {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToShow: 4,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToScroll: 4,  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  }\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  breakpoint: 1025,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  settings: {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToShow: 1,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToScroll: 1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  }\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  breakpoint: 760,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  settings: {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToShow: 1,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToScroll: 1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  }\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t],pauseOnDotsHover: true,customPaging: function(slider, i) {\n                   return '<i type=\"button\" style= \"color:#333333;\" class=\"ultsl-radio-unchecked\" data-role=\"none\"><\/i>';\n                },});\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t\t[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_separator type=&#8221;normal&#8221; thickness=&#8221;1&#8243; up=&#8221;94&#8243; color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; down=&#8221;64&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739778989055{margin-bottom: 94px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<div class=\"comissionariat-title color-negro orientation-false\" style=\"\" id=\"light-in-the-cinematographic-imaginary\">\n        <h2 class=\"fade-in\">Light in the cinematographic imaginary<\/h2><\/div>    <div class=\"block_quote color-negro fade-in\">\n        <div class=\"image_holder\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/montse-badia.jpg\" alt=\"Curated by Montse Badia\">\n                <\/div>\n        <div class=\"block_quote_content\">\n                            <p class=\"title\">Curated by Montse Badia<\/p>\n                                        <p>Art critic and exhibition curator<\/p>\n                        <div class=\"social-links\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/montse_badia_more\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i class=\"fi fi-brands-instagram\"><\/i><\/a>\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/montse-badia-b2348a33\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i class=\"fi fi-brands-linkedin\"><\/i><\/a>\n                                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/montsebadia1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i class=\"fi fi-brands-twitter-alt\"><\/i><\/a>\n                                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montse_Bad%C3%ADa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i class=\"fi fi-brands-wikipedia\"><\/i><\/a>\n                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/montsebadia.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i class=\"fi fi-rr-globe\"><\/i><\/a>\n                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <a  itemprop=\"url\" href=\"\" target=\"_self\"  class=\"qbutton  default expandir fade-in\" style=\"font-size: 22px; margin: 36px 0px; \">See more<\/a>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; el_class=&#8221;expandir&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p class=\"fade-in\">Our cinematographic imagery reflects the importance of light in collective memory. Light is an element endowed with strong symbolic connotations. In classic Greece, fire, the quintessential light, was defined as one of the four basic elements, together with earth, water, and air. Light symbolises divinity in different religions, including Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. It is also no coincidence that the Age of Enlightenment (18th century) was known in different countries as the <em>Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res<\/em>, <em>Era de la Il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3, Illuminismo<\/em>, and <em>Siglo de las Luces<\/em> to denote the journey from darkness to light, from superstitions toward a scientific approach to religious, social, political, and economic matters, identifying light as a symbol of knowledge and wisdom.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"fade-in\">The appearance of artificial light is linked not only to a technical process, but also to a veritable social change that democratically revolutionised urban settings, making them independent from the cycles of natural light. In the 19th century, public lighting gave city residents a feeling of safety and comfort. It also made it possible for the people to travel and work at night, and also helped usher in the notion of free time and leisure. Electricity became a symbol of research, modernity, and urban life. At the same time, it made an impact on industrial and communications processes. The technological progress that the birth of cinema and photography entailed was also inextricably linked to the appearance of electricity and artificial light.   <\/p>\n<p class=\"fade-in\">Since the very beginning, light has played an essential role in art. Light and its opposites, darkness and shadows, no matter how they are represented, are used in a wide variety of ways: modelling landscapes (the Renaissance), providing a touch of the dramatic in painting, sculpture, and architecture (the Baroque), blazing the trail for new techniques (photography, cinema), or as an intangible tool for experimentation by avant-garde and contemporary artists (Constructivism), among others.<\/p>\n<p class=\"fade-in\">Light also defines the identity and character of cities, whether due to excess, such as the case of Las Vegas and Hong Kong, or restraint, for cities that are seeking to reduce light pollution.<\/p>\n<p class=\"fade-in\"><strong>LUX<\/strong> seeks to explore <strong>the imagery of light <\/strong>based on an extensive selection of works coming from t<strong>he collections of the Xarxa de Museus d&#8217;Art de Catalunya<\/strong>. Our journey also features a soundtrack that will introduce the different sections.<\/p>\n<p class=\"fade-in\">Let\u2019s begin!<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; header_style=&#8221;light&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746632202059{padding-top: 120px !important;padding-bottom: 84px !important;background-image: url(https:\/\/xma.iurisdoc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/antorcha-background.jpg?id=8792) !important;}&#8221; anchor=&#8221;foc_section&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<div class=\"comissionariat-title color-blanco orientation-false\" style=\"\" id=\"fire\">\n        <h2 class=\"fade-in\">Fire<\/h2><div class=\"song_holder fade-in\"><a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/intl-es\/track\/5uvosCdMlFdTXhoazkTI5R?si=094791fed63f43eb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow, noindex\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/themes\/bridge-child\/assets\/icons\/play.svg\" \/><div class=\"song_content\"><div class=\"song_name\">Light My Fire<\/div><div class=\"song_artist\">The Doors<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;font-gran color-blanc width-80 fade-in&#8221;]Fire fascinates us. It is the symbol of passion, destruction, cleansing, anger, power, and transformation.<br \/>Fire and its capacity to overcome the dark was discovered in prehistory.  <\/p>\n<p>In Greek mythology, fire belonged to the gods until Prometheus stole it and gave the gift to humankind.<br \/>This symbolism is still with us today, and we\u2019re reminded of it every four years during the celebration of the Olympic Games. <\/p>\n<p>In Barcelona, we have a great example with the Olympic Torch designed by Andr\u00e9 Ricard.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746633644121{margin-top: 164px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc width-70 fade-in m1-top-res&#8221;]Andr\u00e9 Ricard Sala. Olympic Torch, Barcelona\u201992. Barcelona, 1992. Reference: MADB 135880. Museu del Disseny-Dhub. Photography: Estudio Rafael Vargas[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;2\/12&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739785784681{background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: contain !important;}&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;2\/12&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;8958&#8243; img_size=&#8221;large&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;2\/12&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739802355172{padding-right: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"comissionariat-card orientation-superior color-blanco\" style=\"height: 900px; \"><div class=\"comissionariat-image background-center-center\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/sant-joan-scaled-1.jpg'); \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content-holder\">\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content fade-in\">\n                    Other ancestral rituals involving fire are still with us today, like the bonfires during Sant Joan celebrated on the shortest night of the year. Oriol Maspons reflected this in an outdoor photograph for the book Aix\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s Barcelona by Josep M\u00aa Espin\u00e0s.\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-caption llegenda fade-in\">\n                   <p> Untitled (Foc de Sant Joan. Photograph for the book \u201cAix\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s Barcelona\u201d by Josep M\u00aa Espin\u00e0s), circa 1965. Photography. Gelatin bromide on silver. Long-term loan by the artist Oriol Maspons, 2011. \u00a9 Arxiu Oriol Maspons, VEGAP, Barcelona, 2019.     Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya.<\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739802364324{padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"comissionariat-card orientation-superior color-blanco\" style=\"height: 900px; \"><div class=\"comissionariat-image background-center-center\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/fire-child-scaled-1.jpg'); \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content-holder\">\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content fade-in\">\n                    Gordon Matta-Clark depicted this fascination with fire in the film Fire Child (1971), when he recorded the process of creating a sculpture: a small wall made of waste, paper, and cans collected from the area around the Brooklyn Bridge.\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-caption llegenda fade-in\">\n                   <p> Gordon Matta-Clark. Fire child, 1971. Super 8 mm film transferred to video, colour, no sound, 9 min. 47 s. R.2963, MACBA Collection. MACBA Consortium. \u00a9 Estate of Gordon Matta-Clark, VEGAP, Barcelona. Photography: Tony Coll.      <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741615775356{margin-top: 94px !important;margin-bottom: 94px !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;8967&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;m1-bottom-res&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746633892637{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in m1-bottom-res&#8221;]Other contemporary artists include fire from other perspectives. For example, we can look at <em>Matches<\/em>, the public sculpture by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen located in Vall d\u2019Hebron, in front of the Pavilion of the Republic. The MACBA also features a model of this sculpture. Coosje van Bruggen explained it like this in 2006: \u201cIt\u2019s just a burning match, like a lighthouse, with the outline transforming into a lance or plume of fire, reminiscent of the words of Cervantes\u2019s Don Quixote de la Mancha: \u2018We may see that the lance has never blunted the pen, nor the pen the lance.\u2019 Over time, matchbooks, like liquid erasers for typewriters, have become an archetypal object on the verge of disappearing, subjected to a telescopic perspective that shifts from the intimate and emotional handheld object to the large-scale, autonomous, and almost abstract project, with an architectural structure and proportions.\u201d[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]Claes Oldenburg &#8211; Coosje van Bruggen. Matches, 1992. Painting on cardboard, metal, and wood, 14.5 x 13.5 x 10 cm. R.0817, MACBA Collection. Long-term loan by the Ajuntament de Barcelona. \u00a9 Claes Oldenburg \u00a9 Coosje van Bruggen. Photography: Gasull[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741615758224{margin-top: 94px !important;margin-bottom: 94px !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;row-reverse-res&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746633883676{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in m1-bottom-res&#8221;]Fina Miralles has carried out a series of actions to explore the connections between the human body and different materials, for example the series of artworks <i>The Body\u2019s Relationship with Natural Elements in Everyday Actions (1975) and more concretely in Relationships. The Body\u2019s Relationship with Fire. Lighting a Fire   <\/i>(1975\/2020).[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]Fina Miralles. Relationships. The Body\u2019s Relationship with Fire. Lighting a Fire, 1975\/2020. Inkjet printing on paper. 2 photographs, 42 x 42 cm each. R.5883, MACBA Collection. MACBA Consortium. Donation by the artist. \u00a9 Fina Miralles.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;8970&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;m1-bottom-res&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741615786976{margin-top: 94px !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739802355172{padding-right: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"comissionariat-card orientation-inferior color-blanco\" style=\"height: 900px; \"><div class=\"comissionariat-image background-center-center\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/grup-treball.jpg'); \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content-holder\">\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content fade-in\">\n                    Francesc Abad contributed to <i>the Collective Film<\/i> (1974) by Grup de Treball with <i>Experiences with light<\/i>, in which the artist placed concave, convex, transparent, translucent, and opaque lenses both in front of and behind a lit candle.\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-caption llegenda fade-in\">\n                   <p> Grup de Treball. Collective Film, 1974. 16 mm film transferred to video, b\/w, no sound, 42 min. R.1466, MACBA Collection. MACBA Consortium. Donation by Grup de Treball. \u00a9 Grup de Treball. Photography: Rocco Ricci       <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739802364324{padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"comissionariat-card orientation-superior color-negro\" style=\"height: 900px; \"><div class=\"comissionariat-image background-center-center\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/poetics.jpg'); \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content-holder\">\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content fade-in\">\n                    Poetic and analytic are these two verses by Joan Brossa:<br \/>\n\u201cBurst of heat and light<br \/>\nproduced after a body combusts\u201d\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-caption llegenda fade-in\">\n                   <p> Joan Brossa. Fire. In: Olla\u00f3!, 1975. 28.7 x 14 cm. Sheet 14 of a gallery proof from the 1989 edition (Barcelona: Alta Fulla). R. A.JBR.00498.108. MACBA Collection. Research and Documentation Centre. Joan Brossa Fund. Long-term loan by Fundaci\u00f3 Joan Brossa<\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741615830920{padding-top: 120px !important;padding-bottom: 120px !important;background-color: #D5D7E3 !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739803274022{background-color: #D5D7E3 !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<div class=\"comissionariat-title color-negro orientation-false\" style=\"\" id=\"the-sun\">\n        <h2 class=\"fade-in\">The sun<\/h2><div class=\"song_holder fade-in\"><a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/intl-es\/track\/1k1Bqnv2R0uJXQN4u6LKYt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow, noindex\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/themes\/bridge-child\/assets\/icons\/play.svg\" \/><div class=\"song_content\"><div class=\"song_name\">Ain\u2019t No Sunshine<\/div><div class=\"song_artist\">Bill Withers<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741628320851{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in font-gran&#8221;]The sun, our most powerful source of light, was a god in many cultures, and some countries include it on their currency. The back sides of the Cuban ten and twenty cent coins feature a five-pointed sun with rays of light.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739804158447{margin-top: 46px !important;background-color: #D5D7E3 !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;8980&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746529832355{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]Republic of Cuba, 10 cent coin, 1949. Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya; donation by Arturo God\u00f3, 2018. Public domain.  Public domain[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;8983&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746529844696{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]Rep\u00fablica de Cuba, moneda de 20 c\u00e8ntims, 1948. Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya; donaci\u00f3 d\u2019Arturo God\u00f3, 2018. Domini p\u00fablic.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739804290219{margin-top: 94px !important;background-color: #D5D7E3 !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;6\/12&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;8986&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1740588583533{margin-top: 48px !important;margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]The sun is also a reference to measure time.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1740588588952{margin-top: 20px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda width-60 fade-in&#8221;]Sundial. Europe, early 20th century. MADB 135.0001. Museu del Disseny-Dhub. Photography: CRBMC_Roser Casas.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;6\/12&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;8992&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;m2-top-res&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1740588595237{margin-top: 48px !important;margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]At the entrance to the Museu de Cerdanyola, Tom Carr installed Sun, with 69 laminated colour glass discs that reproduced the score of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=lIJ0lBvZ2R8&amp;ab_channel=JesusAcebedoPiano\">Ad Libitum by Jes\u00fas Acebedo.<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1740588601741{margin-top: 20px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]TCteamwork: Tom Carr &#8211; Lidia Carrera &#8211; Xema Vidal. Sun, 2022. Installation. 69 laminated coloured glass discs. Sun reproduces the musical composition Ad Libitum by Jes\u00fas Acebedo. Produced by: Amics del Museu de Cerdanyola. Museu de Cerdanyola.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741615879022{padding-top: 120px !important;padding-bottom: 94px !important;background: #000000 url(https:\/\/xma.iurisdoc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/nit-dia-background.jpg?id=8877) !important;background-position: 0 0 !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<div class=\"comissionariat-title color-blanco orientation-false\" style=\"\" id=\"day-and-night\">\n        <h2 class=\"fade-in\">Day and night<\/h2><div class=\"song_holder fade-in\"><a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/intl-es\/track\/5hByDDVyr6pfRAutehCAYa?si=cc18e00cba3c400b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow, noindex\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/themes\/bridge-child\/assets\/icons\/play.svg\" \/><div class=\"song_content\"><div class=\"song_name\">Night And Day<\/div><div class=\"song_artist\">Ella Fitzgerald<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1742463281837{margin-top: 24px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;font-gran color-blanc fade-in width-60&#8243;]Night, darkness, is associated with the unknown, danger, just like the 19th century allegories remind us, representing the victory of day over night.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746529860861{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc width-60 fade-in&#8221;]Antoni Caba Casamitjana. <em>The Triumph of Day over Night Preceded by Dawn,<\/em> 1882. Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya. Adquisici\u00f3, 1992; domini p\u00fablic.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;hide-res&#8221;][vc_column_inner][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;500px&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;8996&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;m1-top-res&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1740588623004{margin-top: 36px !important;margin-bottom: 26px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]The sun and moon are personified in a more na\u00efve fashion in this drawing by Josep Llu\u00eds Pellicer.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]Josep Llu\u00eds Pellicer Feny\u00e9. Vignette with the sun and the moon, second half of the 19th century. Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya. Acquisition from the Casellas collection, 1911. Public domain[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;8999&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;m1-top-res&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1740588636459{margin-top: 36px !important;margin-bottom: 26px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]They were also represented with nearly Brossian irony by Perejaume.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]Perejaume. [The Moon], undated. Metal, plastic, and paper, 8 x 8 x 0.3 cm. R.4787, MACBA Collection. MACBA Consortium. Joan Brossa Fund. Long-term loan by Fundaci\u00f3 Joan Brossa. \u00a9 Perejaume, VEGAP, Barcelona[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739805488717{padding-top: 94px !important;padding-bottom: 94px !important;background: #000000 url(https:\/\/xma.iurisdoc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/la-lluna-scaled.jpg?id=8887) !important;background-position: 0 0 !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;500px&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;5\/12&#8243;]<div class=\"comissionariat-title color-blanco orientation-false\" style=\"\" id=\"the-moon\">\n        <h2 class=\"fade-in\">The moon<\/h2><div class=\"song_holder fade-in\"><a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/intl-es\/track\/5K332iLCB0C8SRZ9776E0z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow, noindex\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/themes\/bridge-child\/assets\/icons\/play.svg\" \/><div class=\"song_content\"><div class=\"song_name\">Moonlight Sonata<\/div><div class=\"song_artist\">Ludwig van Beethoven<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1742464084540{margin-top: 24px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;font-gran color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]The immensity of the sea and the dramatic nature of the sky upon which the moonlight is reflected were painted by Antoni Fabr\u00e9s at the end of the 19th century.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746529903284{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc width-80 fade-in&#8221;]Antoni Fabr\u00e9s Costa. Nit de lluna sobre el mar, cap a 1880.  Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya. Donated by the artist, 1925; public domain[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;7\/12&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1742467637102{margin-bottom: 90px !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/5&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739805694782{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9008&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744272006224{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746693801131{margin-right: 20px !important;margin-bottom: 46px !important;margin-left: 80px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in m2-left-res m2-right-res m1-bottom-res&#8221;]A work that enters into dialogue with Nocturnos by Mercedes Mangran\u00e9.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746693774503{margin-right: 20px !important;margin-left: 80px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda m2-left-res m2-right-res m2-bottom-res&#8221;]Mercedes Mangran\u00e9. Nocturnos, 2014. Oil on canvas, 22 x 27 cm. MORERA Collection. Museu d\u2019Art Modern i Contemporani de Lleida. Acquisition, IX Biennal Leandre Crist\u00f2fol, 2015.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/5&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739805670650{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9002&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744272014324{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746693806119{margin-right: 20px !important;margin-bottom: 46px !important;margin-left: 20px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in m2-left-res m2-right-res m1-bottom-res&#8221;]Evenings are also the time for reflection. Modest Urgell painted landscapes full of an almost Nordic melancholy.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746693779546{margin-right: 20px !important;margin-left: 20px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda m2-left-res m2-right-res m2-bottom-res&#8221;]Modest Urgell Inglada. Evening, circa 1875-1900. Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya. Contribution from the Diputaci\u00f3 de Barcelona, 1906. Public domain.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/5&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1742467780617{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9005&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744272021707{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746693811209{margin-right: 20px !important;margin-bottom: 46px !important;margin-left: 20px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in m2-left-res m2-right-res m1-bottom-res&#8221;]Meanwhile, Joan Mir\u00f3 painted music.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746693785721{margin-right: 20px !important;margin-left: 20px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda m2-left-res m2-right-res m2-bottom-res&#8221;]Joan Mir\u00f3. Music of the Twilight 5, 1966. Oil on canvas, 19 x 33 cm. FJM 4696. Fundaci\u00f3 Joan Mir\u00f3, Barcelona. \u00a9 Successi\u00f3 Mir\u00f3, 2024.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/5&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739805687394{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9011&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744272030669{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746693816178{margin-right: 20px !important;margin-bottom: 46px !important;margin-left: 20px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in m2-left-res m2-right-res m1-bottom-res&#8221;]The artists of Dau al Set, heirs of Surrealism, created scenes replete with references to magic and fantastic worlds, including the discomforting nocturnal landscapes by T\u00e0pies and the fantastic and disturbing scenes by Joan Pon\u00e7, the nighttime artist par excellence.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746693790456{margin-right: 20px !important;margin-left: 20px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda m2-left-res m2-right-res m2-bottom-res&#8221;]Antoni T\u00e0pies. (Untitled), 1949. Watercolour, Chinese ink, and pastel on paper, 18.8 x 25 cm. R.4680, MACBA Collection. MACBA Consortium. Joan Brossa Fund. Long-term loan by the Ajuntament de Barcelona. \u00a9 Comissi\u00f3 T\u00e0pies, VEGAP, Barcelona.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/5&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739805905012{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9014&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744272037851{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746693796527{margin-right: 80px !important;margin-left: 20px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda m2-left-res m2-right-res m2-bottom-res&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joan Pon\u00e7 Bonet.<\/span> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Night Trip, No. 1<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 1982. Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya. Legacy of Manuel Maria Bosch Puig, 2016. Joan Pon\u00e7, VEGAP, Barcelona, current year. <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; header_style=&#8221;light&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; bg_type=&#8221;grad&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741615915642{padding-top: 120px !important;padding-bottom: 94px !important;background-image: url(https:\/\/xma.iurisdoc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/background-2.jpg?id=8938) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#B3B3B300&#8243; bg_grad=&#8221;background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%, #E3E3E3), color-stop(100%, #FFFFFF));background: -moz-linear-gradient(top,#E3E3E3 0%,#FFFFFF 100%);background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top,#E3E3E3 0%,#FFFFFF 100%);background: -o-linear-gradient(top,#E3E3E3 0%,#FFFFFF 100%);background: -ms-linear-gradient(top,#E3E3E3 0%,#FFFFFF 100%);background: linear-gradient(top,#E3E3E3 0%,#FFFFFF 100%);&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<div class=\"comissionariat-title color-negro orientation-false\" style=\"\" id=\"fiat-lux\">\n        <h2 class=\"fade-in\">Fiat Lux<\/h2><div class=\"song_holder fade-in\"><a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/intl-es\/track\/4U2VwNJoYOqGMDvVO5SLhx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow, noindex\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/themes\/bridge-child\/assets\/icons\/play.svg\" \/><div class=\"song_content\"><div class=\"song_name\">Fiat Lux<\/div><div class=\"song_artist\">Th\u00e9odore Dubois<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;font-gran width-80 fade-in&#8221;]For millennia, many religions have referred to light and its polar opposite, darkness, as an element with a mythical and archetypal character. The highest calling of Buddhism is to reach the light or satori. Starting in the 1st century C.E., the Catholic Church transformed light into a metaphysical element linked to the truth infused by God. In Islam, Allah is the light from the heavens and the earth. Light plays a central role in Jewish liturgy. Torches, candles, lamps, and candelabras are included in ceremonies in numerous religions. In fact, religious ceremonies often begin the moment when the candles and lamps are lit.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1740736586258{margin-top: 64px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda width-70 fade-in&#8221;]Candelabra, 15th century. Iron. From Sant Vicen\u00e7 de Rus (Castellar de n\u2019Hug, el Bergued\u00e0). Inventory number MDCS 640. Museu Dioces\u00e0 i Comarcal de Solsona.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/12&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739785784681{background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: contain !important;}&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;3\/12&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9017&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;2\/12&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9023&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744272135221{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda&#8221;]Unknown. Lamp or crown of light, 12-13th century. Museu d&#8217;Art de Girona, reg. no. 131.558.    131.558. Diputaci\u00f3 de Girona Fund. Photography: Rafel Bosch.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9026&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744272143258{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda&#8221;]Oil lamp, 19th century. 23.5 x 9.5 x 9.5 cm. Ref. MFM 14444. Museu Frederic Mar\u00e8s. \u00a9 Photo: Pep Herrero.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9020&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744272153747{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda&#8221;]19th century lamp with a religious motif (ref. 2556). Museu de Granollers.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739802355172{padding-right: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"comissionariat-card orientation-inferior color-blanco\" style=\"height: 900px; \"><div class=\"comissionariat-image background-center-center\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/5248_001_pub_low.jpg'); \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content-holder\">\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content fade-in\">\n                    The seventy-seven lamps that Youn\u00e8s Rahmoun includes in his installation represent the seventy-seven branches or paths of faith within Islam, but also the universal dimension of spirituality.\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-caption llegenda fade-in\">\n                   <p> Youn\u00e8s Rahmoun. 77, 2014. Light installation. Variable dimensions. R.5248 MACBA Collection. MACBA Foundation. Work acquired thanks to the Fundaci\u00f3 Banc Sabadell. \u00a9 Youn\u00e8s Rahmoun.      <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739802364324{padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"comissionariat-card orientation-inferior color-blanco\" style=\"height: 900px; \"><div class=\"comissionariat-image background-center-center\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/UPPER_cadira-.jpg'); \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content-holder\">\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content fade-in\">\n                    In his pieces with neon, Jordi Benito explored the languages of poetry, mathematics, and religion. The installation <em>Seat (The seat of God) <\/em>depicts a chair suspended upside down, with a sheet falling to the ground. On the back of the chair, written by hand in neon are nearly illegible Hebrew letters: \u201cYod-He-Vav-He (Yahv\u00e9)\u201d, which pulse with light and sound.\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-caption llegenda fade-in\">\n                   <p> Jordi Benito. Seat (The seat of God). Installation, 2005. \u00a9 Jordi Benito. VEGAP, Museu de Granollers.  <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741615987226{margin-top: 120px !important;margin-bottom: 120px !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9035&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744272235836{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1740737635763{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]The Christ in Majesty in Sant Climent de Ta\u00fcll, one of the most iconic works from the Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya, holds a book in his left hand with the inscription \u201cEGO SUM LUX MUNDI\u201d in reference to the Gospel of Saint John: \u201cI am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will not walk in darkness, but will have the light of life\u201d. Light is the verb, the word that gives life, and it is the beginning of everything.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]Master of Ta\u00fcll. Apse of Sant Climent de Ta\u00fcll, circa 1123. Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya. Acquisition from Junta de Museus in the 1919-1923 campaign. Public domain[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741021429896{margin-top: 84px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9045&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744272549167{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1740738227658{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]We also find this reference indirectly in a lamp housed at the Museu d\u2019Art Medieval. The surface of this oil lamp is decorated with enamels that depict lily of the valley stems and which also feature the monogram of Christ, \u201cIHS\u201d within a flaming circle.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]Lamp. First third of the 17th century. 7.4 x 9.1 x 7.6 cm. \u00a9 Museu Episcopal de Vic.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9048&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744272556807{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1740739976665{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]Sunlight is also a key element in monstrances, pieces made of gold and other precious materials intended to display the sacred host to the faithful. The host is placed between two pieces of glass within the monstrance that represents the sun with a ray of silver and precious stones. An excellent example is the monstrance by Alfons Serrahima that we find in the Museu d\u2019Art de Girona.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]Alfons Serrahima i Bofill. Monstrance, 1951. Museu d&#8217;Art de Girona; reg. no. MDG2713. Bishopric of Girona Fund. Photography: Rafel Bosch.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9039&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744272565437{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1740740070705{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]The sculpture of Buddha Amitayus kept in the Biblioteca Museu Victor Balaguer, which was probably made between 1700 and 1799, reminds us of the symbolism of light within Buddhism as an element of transformation and self-awareness. The sculpture arrived at the Biblioteca Museu through Juan Mencarini, sent as the consul to Singapore and Hong Kong and who travelled to Barcelona as a representative of the island of Formosa during the 1888 Universal Exposition.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]Buddha Amitayus, 1700-1799. Sculpture, 65 x 38.5 x 30.5 cm. Reference BMVB-1283. Biblioteca Museu V\u00edctor Balaguer[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9042&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744272573436{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1740740111165{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]At the Museum de Granollers we can also find the sculpture of the goddess Guan Yin from the era of the Ming Dynasty, a figure venerated by Buddhism and who is related to compassion.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]Figure of the goddess Guan Yin. Ming Dynasty. Sculpture, 18th century. Reference 3091. Museu de Granollers.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739802355172{padding-right: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"comissionariat-card orientation-inferior color-blanco\" style=\"height: 900px; \"><div class=\"comissionariat-image background-center-center\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/005704-000_000380-cutt.jpg'); \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content-holder\">\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content fade-in\">\n                    <\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"v1elementToProof\">The counterpoint to Christ in Majesty could be the little child Jesus as the focus of light in the <em>Adoration of the Shepherds<\/em> (1773) by Carlo Giuseppe Ratti.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-caption llegenda fade-in\">\n                   <p> Carlo Giuseppe Ratti. Adoration of the Shepherds, 1773. Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya. Long-term loan from the Reial Acad\u00e8mia Catalana de Belles Arts de Sant Jordi, 1902; added in 1906. Public domain.<\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739802364324{padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"comissionariat-card orientation-inferior color-blanco\" style=\"height: 900px; \"><div class=\"comissionariat-image background-top-center\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/UPPER_MDG0361_4-enhance-4x-faceai-1.jpg'); \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content-holder\">\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content fade-in\">\n                    <\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"v1elementToProof\">Naturally, the saints or the Virgin Mary often appear surrounded by this halo of light that glorifies them, as in the Rosary Altarpiece: <em>Assumption of the Virgin Mary<\/em> by Joan Sanxes Galindo, which is in the Girona Art Museum.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-caption llegenda fade-in\">\n                   <p> Joan Sanxes Galindo. Altarpiece of the Rosary: Assumption of the Virgin Mary, 1603. Museu d&apos;Art de Girona; reg. no. MDG0361-4. Bishopric of Girona Fund. Photography: Rafel Bosch.      <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741616004888{margin-top: 120px !important;margin-bottom: 120px !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9057&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744272715401{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741021879075{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]In the l<a href=\"https:\/\/biblioteca.museunacional.cat\/discovery\/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000936069706707&amp;context=L&amp;vid=34CSUC_INSTB:MNAC&amp;lang=ca&amp;search_scope=MNAC&amp;adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&amp;tab=MNAC&amp;query=any,contains,Luz%20Nur:%20la%20luz%20en%20el%20arte%20y%20la%20ciencia%20del%20mundo%20isl%C3%A1mico&amp;offset=0\">ibrary of the Museu Nacional,<\/a> the book <em>Nur: Light in Art and Science from the Islamic World<\/em> (2013) by Sabiha Al Khemir emphasises how light is a shared and unifying metaphor among the Muslim, Christian and Jewish religions. The book includes manuscripts illustrated with golden pigments and also objects related to scientific thought, such as sundials and astrolabes.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741616022745{padding-top: 120px !important;padding-bottom: 94px !important;background: #000000 url(https:\/\/xma.iurisdoc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/011512-000_028978_d2.jpg?id=8995) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: contain !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;background-top-center&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<div class=\"comissionariat-title color-blanco orientation-true\" style=\"\" id=\"apparitions-projections\">\n        <h2 class=\"fade-in\">Apparitions \/ Projections<\/h2><div class=\"song_holder fade-in\"><a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/intl-es\/track\/4GXiEQhEBwcOz6G6B6bXJ1?si=13cb8fd582b04531\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow, noindex\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/themes\/bridge-child\/assets\/icons\/play.svg\" \/><div class=\"song_content\"><div class=\"song_name\">Projection<\/div><div class=\"song_artist\">DjRUM<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741628421171{margin-top: 24px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;font-gran color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]Between the material and the immaterial, between faith, magic, technology, science, and art, apparitions\/projections imply the possibility of amplifying presences and images, of mixing them in space, without boundaries or limits.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746530084544{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc width-80 fade-in&#8221;]Josep Benlliure Gil. <em>L\u2019aparici\u00f3<\/em>, 1876. Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya. Legacy of Camil Fabra, marqu\u00e8s d\u2019Alella, 1902. Public domain[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;540px&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9060&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741023941122{margin-top: 24px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]However, not all projections\/apparitions are positive. In Leonardo Alenza\u2019s painting  <em>The Limping Devil. Apparition <\/em> (1838), this figure is depicted somewhere between awkward and mischievous.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746530098046{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]Leonardo Alenza Nieto. <em>The Limping Devil. Apparition <\/em>, 1838. Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya. Acquisition, 1943. Public domain.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9066&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741024078680{margin-top: 24px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]Projections can also symbolise a specific personal and contextual situation.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741024266914{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]Albert Bayona. <em>Summer night. Projection for a confined space, <\/em>2010. Single-channel video installation, colour, 3h (loop). MORERA Collection. Museu d\u2019Art Modern i Contemporani de Lleida. Donation by Albert Bayona, 2013[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9063&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741024234716{margin-top: 24px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]They can also provide evidence of the mechanisms behind the process, as is the case of <em>Projectedsocket<\/em> by Luis Bisbe. This piece involves a socket that has an image of itself projected onto it from the projector to which the socket provides power. It is crafted in a way that the image fits perfectly over the object, including the cable, making it nearly invisible.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741024253740{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]Luis Bisbe. <em>Projectedsocket<\/em>, 2001. Slide and slide projector, 20 x 25 x 120 cm. R.6730. MACBA Collection. Long-term loan by the Ajuntament de Barcelona. \u00a9 Luis Bisbe, VEGAP, Barcelona.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741346385787{padding-top: 140px !important;background-color: #000000 !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741024882824{padding-top: 46px !important;padding-bottom: 94px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<div class=\"comissionariat-title color-blanco orientation-false\" style=\"\" id=\"projected-shadows\">\n        <h2 class=\"fade-in\">Projected shadows<\/h2><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;font-gran color-blanc width-80 fade-in&#8221;]The mechanisms and power of representing projected shadows are also a subject of artistic exploration.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741025170863{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1162_001_rbg__ddd.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tJoan Pon\u00e7. Moon Shadow, 1973. Etching on paper, 71.2 x 82.4 cm. R.1162, MACBA Collection. Long-term loan from the Generalitat de Catalunya. National Art Collection. \u00a9 Joan Pon\u00e7, VEGAP, Barcelona. Photography: Tony Coll.       \t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>[\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741025160708{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/200203-000_007634____DDDD.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tRamon Casas Carb\u00f3. Chinese Shadows, c. 1897.  Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya. Acquisition, 1992. Public domain\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>[\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741025180584{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/4440_001_hist_____DDD.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tEul\u00e0lia Valldosera. Love&amp;apos;s Sweeter than wine. Three Stages in a Relationship. Series: \u201cAppearances\u201d #3, 1993. Light installation. Variable dimensions. R.4440, MACBA Collection. MACBA Consortium. Long-term loan by the artist. \u00a9 Eul\u00e0lia Valldosera, VEGAP, Barcelona.         \t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"qode-info-card-text\" >\n\t\t\t\tWe cannot overlook their symbolic and evocative power.\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>[\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741025188709{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1162_001_rbg.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"qode-info-card-text\" >\n\t\t\t\tLight and shadow as projected by the religious, expertly captured by the photographer Antoni Campa\u00f1\u00e0, bring us back to the 1930s, right before the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, and remind us of the Church&amp;apos;s interested role in this conflict.\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>[\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741270417158{padding-top: 94px !important;padding-bottom: 94px !important;background: #000000 url(https:\/\/xma.iurisdoc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/teatre_religio.jpg?id=9286) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;300px&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;5\/12&#8243;]<div class=\"comissionariat-title color-blanco orientation-false\" style=\"\" id=\"theatre-and-religion-stained-glass-windows-and-scenography\">\n        <h2 class=\"fade-in\">Theatre and religion, stained-glass windows and scenography<\/h2><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741628478628{margin-top: 24px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;font-gran color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The amplifying effect of light from stained glass has been a resource used by religion, emphasising its theatrical and performative facets.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746530150148{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc width-80 fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joan Busquets Jan\u00e9, Josep Pey Farriol (drawing of the angels and paintings of the willows). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stained glass from the Cendoya Chapel<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 1905. Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya. Donaci\u00f3 de la fam\u00edlia Cendoya, 1973. \u00a9 The author or their heirs.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;7\/12&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; header_style=&#8221;light&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; bg_type=&#8221;bg_color&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741616046277{margin-top: 120px !important;margin-bottom: 250px !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#B3B3B300&#8243;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9082&#8243; img_size=&#8221;800&#215;1000&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744273198107{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741185742522{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the Museu de Cerdanyola we can find the Modernist stained-glass windows from the L\u00f3pez Tower by Eduard Maria Balcells.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eduard Maria Balcells. Sliding door of the gallery of the L\u00f3pez Tower, original location, Barcelona, c. 1906.  1906. Carpentry and leaded stained-glass window decorated with acid, cathedral glass, and Florentine printed glass. Long-term loan by Montserrat, Maria Isabel, Carles, Ricard, and Blanca Dom\u00e8nech Sagu\u00e9. Museu de Cerdanyola.  <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<div id=\"ult-carousel-212569301669d21ccd70700\" class=\"ult-carousel-wrapper   ult_horizontal\" data-gutter=\"15\" data-rtl=\"false\" ><div class=\"ult-carousel-173260325469d21ccd706d5 \" >[vc_single_image image=&#8221;9085&#8243; img_size=&#8221;800&#215;1000&#8243; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9088&#8243; img_size=&#8221;800&#215;1000&#8243; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9091&#8243; img_size=&#8221;800&#215;1000&#8243; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9094&#8243; img_size=&#8221;800&#215;1000&#8243; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9097&#8243; img_size=&#8221;800&#215;1000&#8243; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9100&#8243; img_size=&#8221;800&#215;1000&#8243; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9103&#8243; img_size=&#8221;800&#215;1000&#8243; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\t\t\t\tjQuery(document).ready(function ($) {\n\t\t\t\t\tif( typeof jQuery('.ult-carousel-173260325469d21ccd706d5').slick == \"function\"){\n\t\t\t\t\t\t$('.ult-carousel-173260325469d21ccd706d5').slick({dots: true,autoplay: true,autoplaySpeed: \"5000\",speed: \"300\",infinite: true,arrows: true,nextArrow: '<button type=\"button\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Next\" style=\"color:#333333; font-size:20px;\" class=\"slick-next default\"><i class=\"ultsl-arrow-right4\"><\/i><\/button>',prevArrow: '<button type=\"button\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Previous\" style=\"color:#333333; font-size:20px;\" class=\"slick-prev default\"><i class=\"ultsl-arrow-left4\"><\/i><\/button>',slidesToScroll:1,slidesToShow:1,swipe: true,draggable: true,touchMove: true,pauseOnHover: true,pauseOnFocus: false,responsive: [\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  breakpoint: 1026,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  settings: {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToShow: 1,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToScroll: 1,  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  }\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  breakpoint: 1025,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  settings: {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToShow: 1,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToScroll: 1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  }\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  breakpoint: 760,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  settings: {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToShow: 1,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToScroll: 1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  }\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t],pauseOnDotsHover: true,customPaging: function(slider, i) {\n                   return '<i type=\"button\" style= \"color:#333333;\" class=\"ultsl-record\" data-role=\"none\"><\/i>';\n                },});\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t\t[vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741350628193{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While stained-glass windows boast an element of theatricality<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Auca de la Llum<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> seems to be a sort of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">storyboard <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">made up of 87 vignettes preserved in 3 squares. They are accompanied by couplets written by Ramon Albareda i Garriga.  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Auca de la Llum<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a prime example of the formation of a certain imagery from the city of Manresa in the first years of the second half of the 20th century. Each vignette is a compendium of references to historic events and figures, and to the local stories and folklore of Manresa. <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joan Vilanova i Roset <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Auca de la Llum,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">  1953-1959. Ink on paper. MCM11260. Museu de Manresa  <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741616068878{margin-top: 120px !important;padding-bottom: 64px !important;background-image: url(https:\/\/xma.iurisdoc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/sapereaude-1.jpg?id=9294) !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741620038459{margin-bottom: 64px !important;padding-top: 94px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;7\/12&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741620622074{margin-bottom: 64px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"comissionariat-title color-blanco orientation-false\" style=\"\" id=\"sapere-aude\">\n        <h2 class=\"fade-in\">Sapere Aude!<\/h2><div class=\"song_holder fade-in\"><a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/intl-es\/track\/6Bzm7y5jZmHhAPaV7w3NZU?si=7ac895e412c14994\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow, noindex\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/themes\/bridge-child\/assets\/icons\/play.svg\" \/><div class=\"song_content\"><div class=\"song_name\">Haydn: String Quartet, Op. 76, No. 2-4 - 2-4<\/div><div class=\"song_artist\">Joseph Haydn \/ Alban Berg Quartett<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741628514303{margin-top: 24px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;font-gran color-blanc fade-in width-80&#8243;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Age of Enlightenment (the name of which, in other languages, also alludes directly to the idea of light: <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lumi\u00e8res<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Era de la Il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Illuminismo<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aufkl\u00e4rung<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), represents a journey from dark to light, from knowledge based on superstition to a rational and scientific approach which is applied both to religion as well as to topics related to society, politics, and economics. Rather than faith, reason is the main guarantor with the authority to legitimate the ideals of freedom, progress, tolerance, fraternity, the notion of a constitutional government, and the separation of Church and State. Knowledge is understood as a tool for liberation, as a way to escape from the darkness of Plato\u2019s cave. Light becomes a symbol of knowledge and wisdom.    <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diderot\u2019s Encyclop\u00e9die<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a clear example of the Enlightenment. Between the 17th and 18th centuries, philosophers were able to spread their ideas from scientific academies, literary salons, dictionaries, encyclopaedias, books, and pamphlets. This was the time when the book and publishing industry started to expand, and science became popularised. The arts (especially music) and culture in general flourished based on the widespread emphasis on the need to learn and be cultured.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On the sgraffiti on the Biblioteca Museu V\u00edctor Balaguer we can find clear references to masonry, to which V\u00edctor Balaguer belonged. The eagerness to dispel fears and darkness through the lights of reason connects both movements.  <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9106&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9109&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744273426117{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741617456917{margin-bottom: 200px !important;padding-top: 120px !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9112&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744273441639{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741188580684{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the most notable elements of the Enlightenment is the activity in the \u201cpublic sphere\u201d, a space for communications that can host different spheres of more open debate. The Enlightenment also opened up more accessible public spaces, more intense social exchanges, and also spurred a burgeoning print culture. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paris-based Afghan artist Kubra Khademi has upended the notion of \u201cEnlightenment\u201d. From her position as a political refugee and feminist, she focuses on markedly patriarchal societies, and how they are related to motifs of mythology, the history of art, and politics. <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kubra Khademi. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Enlightenment<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 2016. Screen printing, 30.6 x 21.9 cm. Reference ME2369. Museu de l\u2019Empord\u00e0  <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741616217673{padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 120px !important;background: #000000 url(https:\/\/xma.iurisdoc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/moulin.jpg?id=9303) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: contain !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741620024139{margin-top: 120px !important;margin-bottom: 94px !important;padding-top: 46px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<div class=\"comissionariat-title color-blanco orientation-true\" style=\"\" id=\"artificial-light-and-modernity\">\n        <h2 class=\"fade-in\">Artificial light and modernity<\/h2><div class=\"song_holder fade-in\"><a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/intl-es\/track\/1zKIUBYbszIz2ZhLWELxuT?si=8c8879389ede42a6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow, noindex\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/themes\/bridge-child\/assets\/icons\/play.svg\" \/><div class=\"song_content\"><div class=\"song_name\">Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Gro\u00dfstadt<\/div><div class=\"song_artist\">Edmund Meisel<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;font-gran color-blanc width-80 fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the mediaeval era, the pace of life for people and cities alike depended on natural light. In the 14th century, the first public lights (the first was installed in Hamburg) changed the dynamics of urban life and became a symbol of development.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Light in the public space has a representative function, guaranteeing order and surveillance as well as comfort for citizens, while also making it possible to capitalise on the nighttime for transport, industry, free time, and leisure. <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1742464442839{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc width-80 fade-in&#8221;]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.museunacional.cat\/ca\/colleccio\/sense-titol\/oriol-maspons\/252526-000\">Oriol Maspons<\/a>, untitled, 1955-56. Photograph[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;420px&#8221; el_class=&#8221;hide-res&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9116&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1742464580248{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc width-80 fade-in&#8221;]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.museunacional.cat\/ca\/colleccio\/sense-titol\/oriol-maspons\/217833-000\">Oriol Maspons<\/a>, untitled, 1955-56. Photograph[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9119&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1742464721379{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc width-80 fade-in&#8221;]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.museunacional.cat\/ca\/colleccio\/illuminacions-publiques-bon-gust-fantasia-enlluernament\/pere-catala-pic\/219882-042\">Pere Catal\u00e0 i Pic<\/a>, Public lighting. Nice taste, fantasy, enlightenment&#8230; Photography, 1931[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9122&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741348380864{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc width-80 fade-in&#8221;]Palais de l\u2019electricit\u00e9, 1900. Stereoscopic photograph, 8.4 x 17.4 cm. Ref. MFM S-6661. Museu Frederic Mar\u00e8s. \u00a9 Photo: Pep Herrero[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739802355172{padding-right: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"comissionariat-card orientation-superior color-blanco\" style=\"height: 640px; \"><div class=\"comissionariat-image background-center-center\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/011188-000-scaled-1.jpg'); \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content-holder\">\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content fade-in\">\n                    <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, electricity became a symbol of research, modernity, and city life, illuminating shops and theatres. This was how a new culture of free time arose.  <\/span>\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-caption llegenda fade-in\">\n                   <p> Alfred Sohn-Rethel. Detail of a Paris theatre, 1904. Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya. Acquisition for the \u201c5th International Exposition of Fine Arts and Artistic Industries\u201d of Barcelona, 1907. \u00a9 The author or their heirs.<\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308587896{padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"comissionariat-card orientation-superior color-blanco\" style=\"height: 640px; \"><div class=\"comissionariat-image background-left-center\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/000210-C_089911-scaled-1.jpg'); \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content-holder\">\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content fade-in\">\n                    <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ities grew in size and height, while road traffic increased. <\/span>\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-caption llegenda fade-in\">\n                   <p> Henri Meunier. &#091;Automobiles Gobron&#093;, 1902. Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya. Acquisition from the Plandiura collection, 1903. Public domain<\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741347511374{padding-top: 94px !important;background-image: url(https:\/\/xma.iurisdoc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/background-2.jpg?id=8938) !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741024882824{padding-top: 46px !important;padding-bottom: 94px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<div class=\"comissionariat-title color-negro orientation-true\" style=\"\" id=\"exploring-the-mechanisms\">\n        <h2 class=\"fade-in\">Exploring the mechanisms<\/h2><div class=\"song_holder fade-in\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/nSlkEwYHMm4?si=3Cn-sOGDDxgcrggc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow, noindex\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/themes\/bridge-child\/assets\/icons\/play.svg\" \/><div class=\"song_content\"><div class=\"song_name\">I Am a Camera<\/div><div class=\"song_artist\">The Buggles<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741628582831{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;font-gran fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Photography and cinema are also the consequence of this technological innovation. It is worth taking a moment to look at some of the earliest cameras found in the collections of the Museu Mar\u00e8s. <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1742467637102{margin-bottom: 90px !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/5&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747307957377{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9138&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308478345{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308553010{margin-right: 20px !important;margin-left: 60px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda m2-left-res m2-right-res m2-bottom-res&#8221;]Workshop camera. Second half of the 19th century. 129 x 165 x 60 cm. Ref. MFM S-6297. Museu Frederic Mar\u00e8s. \u00a9 Photo: Pep Herrero.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/5&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739805670650{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9144&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308487286{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747307786092{margin-right: 20px !important;margin-left: 20px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda m2-left-res m2-right-res m2-bottom-res&#8221;]Ernemann Globus. Field camera. First quarter of the 20th century. 136 x 21.5 x 37.5 cm. Ref. MFM S-6441. Museu Frederic Mar\u00e8s. \u00a9 Photo: Pep Herrero.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/5&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1742467780617{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9141&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308545984{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747307843336{margin-right: 20px !important;margin-left: 20px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda m2-left-res m2-right-res m2-bottom-res&#8221;]Klapp stereoscopic camera. 1896- 1921. Ref. MFM S-6355. Museu Frederic Mar\u00e8s. \u00a9 Photo: Pep Herrero.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/5&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739805687394{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9132&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308559191{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747307866802{margin-right: 20px !important;margin-left: 20px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda m2-left-res m2-right-res m2-bottom-res&#8221;]Magic lantern. Second half of the 19th century. Ref. MFM 20991. Museu Frederic Mar\u00e8s. \u00a9 Photo: Pep Herrero.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/5&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739805905012{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9135&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308565192{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747307888501{margin-right: 80px !important;margin-left: 20px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda m2-left-res m2-right-res m2-bottom-res&#8221;]Magic lantern slide. Late 19th century. Ref. MFM S-27429. Museu Frederic Mar\u00e8s. \u00a9 Photo: Pep Herrero.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741346224470{padding-top: 64px !important;padding-bottom: 64px !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741253040783{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We should also have a look at some of the more contemporary explorations using these mechanisms. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artists and scientists alike share an innate curiosity and the analytical capacity to explore technical and mental mechanisms. In the case of David Lamelas, the monitors are reduced to projecting light, the baseline condition for cinema cameras.  <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741256905136{padding-bottom: 64px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9153&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744273846252{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David Lamelas<\/span>. <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Situation of Time<\/span><\/i> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1967. Emission of vibrating light on 17 televisions. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Variable dimensions. R 3741, MACBA Collection. MACBA Consortium.  <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a9 David Lamelas. Photography: Tony Coll <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9150&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744273854762{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741253955118{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nocturn 29<\/span><\/i> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">by Pere Portabella is a statement of principles about the cinema.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9147&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744273865875{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pere Portabella. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nocturn 29<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1968. 35 mm film, b\/n and colour, sound, 77 min. 58 s.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By Pere Portabella.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Produced by Films 59. R.1894, MACBA Collection. MACBA Foundation. Donation by Pere Portabella. \u00a9 Pere Portabella.   <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a9 Pere Portabella<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9156&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744273873256{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">J<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o\u00e3o Maria Gusm\u00e3o &amp; Pedro Paiva. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eye model<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2006. Darkroom system with wooden table, ostrich eggs, lenses, and spotlight. Variable dimensions. R.5093, MACBA Collection. MACBA Foundation. Work acquired thanks to the    <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fundaci\u00f3 Puig.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a9 Jo\u00e3o Maria Gusm\u00e3o + Pedro Paiva. Photography: Rafael Vargas <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739802355172{padding-right: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"comissionariat-card orientation-inferior color-blanco\" style=\"height: 900px; \"><div class=\"comissionariat-image background-center-center\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/2488_001_pub_1.jpg'); \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content-holder\">\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content fade-in\">\n                    <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Line Describing a Cone<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, by Anthony McCall, calls in question all cinematographic conventions.<\/span>\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-caption llegenda fade-in\">\n                   <p> Anthony McCall. Line describing a cone, 1973. 16 mm film, b\/w, no sound, 31 min. and smoke, variable dimensions. R.2488, MACBA Collection. MACBA Foundation. \u00a9 Anthony McCall. Photography: Hank Graber.      <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739802364324{padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"comissionariat-card orientation-inferior color-blanco\" style=\"height: 900px; \"><div class=\"comissionariat-image background-top-center\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/2976_001_hist_1.jpg'); \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content-holder\">\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content fade-in\">\n                    \n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-caption llegenda fade-in\">\n                   <p> Dan Graham. Binocular zoom, 1969. Synchronised adjacent screening of two super 8 films transferred to 16 mm, colour, no sound, 1 min. 7 s. R.2976, MACBA Collection. MACBA Foundation. \u00a9 Binocular Zoom by Dan Graham. All rights reserved. Photography: Marian Goodman Gallery.       <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741616239016{padding-top: 120px !important;padding-bottom: 94px !important;background: #000000 url(https:\/\/xma.iurisdoc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/expo_bcn_1929-1.jpg?id=9172) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: contain !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;background-top-center&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741345415624{margin-bottom: 64px !important;padding-bottom: 94px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<div class=\"comissionariat-title color-blanco orientation-true\" style=\"\" id=\"barcelona-international-exposition-1929\">\n        <h2 class=\"fade-in\">Barcelona international exposition (1929)<\/h2><div class=\"song_holder fade-in\"><a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/intl-es\/track\/4UjMKBpI6ukfH31WCfeh4O?si=c9ea08c5611d45ab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow, noindex\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/themes\/bridge-child\/assets\/icons\/play.svg\" \/><div class=\"song_content\"><div class=\"song_name\">Sketches<\/div><div class=\"song_artist\">by Enric Granados<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1742466214302{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc width-80 fade-in&#8221;]Alicia de Larrocha (originally played by the artist at the age of 6, on 12 December 1929 in the Palau de les Missions in the Barcelona International Exposition).[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741628619182{margin-top: 24px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;font-gran color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We are now returning to the issue of cities, and there is one case that we cannot overlook: the Barcelona International Exposition (1929). We should recall that shortly before the outbreak of World War I, a decision was made to organise an exposition called the \u201cInternational Electrical Industries Exposition\u201d. World War I had left the participating countries in a dire situation. Together with the drastic political changes that Spain experienced, this postponed the event until 1929. Since electricity was no longer a novelty, it became known as the \u201cBarcelona International Exposition\u201d. However, light was one of the central themes of the urban planning and ideological project at the heart of the exhibition, based on three elements: the rays of light at the Palau Nacional, the Magic Fountain (designed by Carles Bu\u00efgas), and the Columns of Light flanking Avinguda Maria Cristina.      <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Museu de Cerdanyola preserves certain elements such as posters, along with Carles Bu\u00efgas\u2019s seal and suitcase, full of slides with different views of the project, which form a type of catalogue that he probably used to showcase his projects in order to win new commissions. <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; bg_type=&#8221;grad&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741345637249{margin-top: -95px !important;padding-bottom: 64px !important;background-color: #000000 !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221; bg_grad=&#8221;background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%, #000000), color-stop(20%, #000000), color-stop(21%, #FFFFFF), color-stop(60%, #FFFFFF));background: -moz-linear-gradient(top,#000000 0%,#000000 20%,#FFFFFF 21%,#FFFFFF 60%);background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top,#000000 0%,#000000 20%,#FFFFFF 21%,#FFFFFF 60%);background: -o-linear-gradient(top,#000000 0%,#000000 20%,#FFFFFF 21%,#FFFFFF 60%);background: -ms-linear-gradient(top,#000000 0%,#000000 20%,#FFFFFF 21%,#FFFFFF 60%);background: linear-gradient(top,#000000 0%,#000000 20%,#FFFFFF 21%,#FFFFFF 60%);&#8221;][vc_column css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739708113171{margin-top: -95px !important;}&#8221;]<div id=\"ult-carousel-33421714469d21ccd7109c\" class=\"ult-carousel-wrapper   ult_horizontal\" data-gutter=\"10\" data-rtl=\"false\" ><div class=\"ult-carousel-158274787069d21ccd71066 \" ><div class=\"ult-item-wrap\" data-animation=\"animated no-animation\"><div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/museu_4478_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tPosters of the International Exposition. Barcelona, 1929. Phototype and chromolithography. Impremta Rieusset S.A. Illustrations by Santacreu and Gabriel Amat. Donation by Rotary Club Cerdanyola. Museu de Cerdanyola.     \t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ult-item-wrap\" data-animation=\"animated no-animation\"><div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/museu_4481_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tPosters of the International Exposition. Barcelona, 1929. Phototype and chromolithography. Impremta Rieusset S.A. Illustrations by Santacreu and Gabriel Amat. Donation by Rotary Club Cerdanyola. Museu de Cerdanyola.     \t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ult-item-wrap\" data-animation=\"animated no-animation\"><div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/GAGB_19_08_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tPosters of the International Exposition. Barcelona, 1929. Phototype and chromolithography. Impremta Rieusset S.A. Illustrations by Santacreu and Gabriel Amat. Donation by Rotary Club Cerdanyola. Museu de Cerdanyola.     \t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ult-item-wrap\" data-animation=\"animated no-animation\"><div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/maleta.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tCarles Bu\u00efgas\u2019s suitcase and a detail of the slides. Donation by Rotary Club Cerdanyola. Museu de Cerdanyola.  \t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ult-item-wrap\" data-animation=\"animated no-animation\"><div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/img_7973.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tCarles Bu\u00efgas\u2019s suitcase and a detail of the slides. Donation by Rotary Club Cerdanyola. Museu de Cerdanyola.  \t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ult-item-wrap\" data-animation=\"animated no-animation\"><div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/mac1884.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tCarles Bu\u00efgas\u2019s suitcase and a detail of the slides. Donation by Rotary Club Cerdanyola. Museu de Cerdanyola.  \t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ult-item-wrap\" data-animation=\"animated no-animation\"><div class=\"qode-info-card\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-image\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/mac1885.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"qode-info-card-text-holder\" style=\"background-color:#fff\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"qode-info-card-title\" >\n\t\t\t\tCarles Bu\u00efgas\u2019s suitcase and a detail of the slides. Donation by Rotary Club Cerdanyola. Museu de Cerdanyola.  \t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\t\t\t\tjQuery(document).ready(function ($) {\n\t\t\t\t\tif( typeof jQuery('.ult-carousel-158274787069d21ccd71066').slick == \"function\"){\n\t\t\t\t\t\t$('.ult-carousel-158274787069d21ccd71066').slick({dots: true,autoplay: true,autoplaySpeed: \"5000\",speed: \"300\",infinite: true,arrows: true,nextArrow: '<button type=\"button\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Next\" style=\"color:#333333; font-size:20px;\" class=\"slick-next default\"><i class=\"ultsl-arrow-right6\"><\/i><\/button>',prevArrow: '<button type=\"button\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Previous\" style=\"color:#333333; font-size:20px;\" class=\"slick-prev default\"><i class=\"ultsl-arrow-left6\"><\/i><\/button>',slidesToScroll:4,slidesToShow:4,swipe: true,draggable: true,touchMove: true,pauseOnHover: true,pauseOnFocus: false,centerMode: true,adaptiveHeight: true,responsive: [\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  breakpoint: 1026,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  settings: {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToShow: 4,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToScroll: 4,  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  }\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  breakpoint: 1025,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  settings: {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToShow: 1,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToScroll: 1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  }\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  breakpoint: 760,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  settings: {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToShow: 1,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tslidesToScroll: 1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  }\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t],pauseOnDotsHover: true,customPaging: function(slider, i) {\n                   return '<i type=\"button\" style= \"color:#333333;\" class=\"ultsl-radio-unchecked\" data-role=\"none\"><\/i>';\n                },});\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t\t[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741616254447{padding-top: 120px !important;background-image: url(https:\/\/xma.iurisdoc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/background-2.jpg?id=8938) !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741024882824{padding-top: 46px !important;padding-bottom: 94px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<div class=\"comissionariat-title color-negro orientation-true\" style=\"\" id=\"artificial-light-progress-technology\">\n        <h2 class=\"fade-in\">Artificial light, progress, technology<\/h2><div class=\"song_holder fade-in\"><a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/intl-es\/track\/7ENnLfsIdZqaWtX4QevFto?si=7373c4cf9b7a4ca4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow, noindex\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/themes\/bridge-child\/assets\/icons\/play.svg\" \/><div class=\"song_content\"><div class=\"song_name\">Neon Lights<\/div><div class=\"song_artist\">Kraftwerk<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741628633293{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;font-gran fade-in width-80&#8243;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artificial light continues to define the identity and character of today\u2019s cities and, with it, an important part of the public sphere. <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739802355172{padding-right: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"comissionariat-card orientation-inferior color-blanco\" style=\"height: 900px; \"><div class=\"comissionariat-image background-center-center\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/06132_1.jpg'); \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content-holder\">\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content fade-in\">\n                    \n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-caption llegenda fade-in\">\n                   <p> Adam Strzelczyk. Koeln at night. Photograph. Registry No.: 6132. Centre de la Imatge Mas Iglesias Reus \/ Premis Ciutat de Reus de Fotografia - Ajuntament de Reus.<\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739802364324{padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;]<div class=\"comissionariat-card orientation-inferior color-blanco\" style=\"height: 900px; \"><div class=\"comissionariat-image background-top-center\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/GAGB_8958_14_1-e1741345264261.jpg'); \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content-holder\">\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-content fade-in\">\n                    \n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"comissionariat-card-caption llegenda fade-in\">\n                   <p> Armand Dom\u00e8nech. Poster for Semana de la Luz. Barcelona, 1966. GAGB 8958\/14. Museu del Disseny-Dhub. Photograph: La Fotogr\u00e1fica.     <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741616357474{margin-top: 94px !important;margin-bottom: 94px !important;padding-bottom: 94px !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741255790199{margin-top: 64px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9196&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744274479779{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741261594997{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artificial light is associated with modernity and a future located somewhere between retro chic and sophistication, as we see in certain photographs typical of the 1980s.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Josep Manuel Ferrater. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neon light<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Barcelona, 1984. Photograph. MTIB 4117\/13, Museu del Disseny-DHub. Photography: Josep Manuel Ferrater.   <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9193&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744274487576{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pep \u00c0vila. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Future Land<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Barcelona, 2018. MDB 4053, Museu del Disseny-DHub. Photograph: Pep \u00c0vila.  <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741616396738{padding-top: 120px !important;padding-bottom: 120px !important;background: #000000 url(https:\/\/xma.iurisdoc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/esferapublica.jpg?id=9213) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: contain !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;background-top-center&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741257574282{padding-bottom: 94px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<div class=\"comissionariat-title color-blanco orientation-true\" style=\"\" id=\"light-and-the-public-sphere\">\n        <h2 class=\"fade-in\">Light and the public sphere<\/h2><div class=\"song_holder fade-in\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PnC-RKm12ZI&amp;list=PLW7pibdSIPj98OVNzJP_-R8A6r5oBXD2I&amp;index=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow, noindex\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/themes\/bridge-child\/assets\/icons\/play.svg\" \/><div class=\"song_content\"><div class=\"song_name\">Licht: Die sieben Tage der Woche<\/div><div class=\"song_artist\">Karlheinz Stockhausen<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1742466559619{margin-top: 24px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;font-gran color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the 1950s and 60s, technological development generated more light and more power.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746530297989{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc width-80 fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carles Fontser\u00e8 Carri\u00f3. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Back Cover Panel C: Night view of Manhattan skyscrapers<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 1955-1968. Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya. Donated by the artist, 1997. The author or his heirs. <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;420px&#8221; el_class=&#8221;hide-res&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9199&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1742466591108{margin-top: 24px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;font-gran color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 1970s oil crisis was accompanied by increased awareness about sustainability issues in the use of power and resources. This environmental awareness remains with us today as a matter of great urgency. <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741261771770{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adrian<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Melis.<\/span> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moments that Marked the World III. The East is Red <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2013. Single-channel video, colour, sound, 3 min. 36 s. R.5075, MACBA Collection. MACBA Foundation.  <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a9 Adrian Melis<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9202&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741616444857{margin-top: 120px !important;margin-bottom: 120px !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;element_from_bottom&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9205&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744274613824{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741261898365{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Development requires the implementation of new lighting technologies. Lighting can change settings and perceptions and is a key element in sporting and artistic events, as well as national and political celebrations.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As part of the liquid modernity defined by Zygmunt Bauman, the intangible nature of light defines identities and urban dynamics, while giving rise to virtual and illuminated cities, such as Hong Kong, New York, and Las Vegas. <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Judith Barry.<\/span> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A l\u2019ombra de la ciutat\u2026 vamp r y<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1985. Projection of slides and video on a two-sided screen, colour, sound, continual projection. Variable dimensions. R.3640, MACBA Collection   <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a9 Judith Barry<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741021429896{margin-top: 84px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9208&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744274634465{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741262170585{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Technological development, relentless consumerism, and environmental awareness and sustainability continue to go hand in hand. The oil crisis in the 1970s still impacts us today, accompanied first by greater awareness and by an urgent need to address topics of sustainability regarding the use of energy and resources.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allan Sekula reminds us of this with his work.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allan Sekula.<\/span> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Radiation Hazard. Series: \u201cMethane for All\u201d <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2008. Chromogenic photography, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">41 x 60 cm. R.4079, MACBA Collection. MACBA Foundation. Repsol Foundation Collection.    <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a9 The Estate of Allan Sekula. Photography: Christopher Grimes Gallery. <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9211&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744274640741{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741262661273{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Even back in the 1970s, people highlighted that the notion of sustainable growth is an oxymoron. With his neons that reproduce mathematical formulas, Jordi Benito strives to rethink the conflictive nature of human beings in the world, while rereading  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ideas sobre la complejidad del mundo<\/span><\/i> (<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2018Ideas on the Complexity of the World\u2019, 1985) by Jorge Wagensberg, which emphasises the uncertainty of the environment.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jordi Benito. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Untitled (Meeting Point)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 2008. Installation. Museu de Granollers <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9214&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746005736052{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746005749888{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The FRAU Collective. Visual Research takes Benito as a starting point in order to delve into the need to achieve greater sustainability. <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FRAU. Recerques visuals  <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I jo! Amb tot el meu cos llen\u00e7at a aquestes canyes <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 2023. Installation. Museu de Granollers Ref. 12774 <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9217&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744274653816{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741262738134{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Varvara &amp; Mar also speak about the complexity of today&#8217;s world, social changes, and the impact of the technological age. <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Varvara &amp; Mar. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Data Shop<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 2017. installation. Museu Abell\u00f3 <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; header_style=&#8221;light&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; bg_type=&#8221;grad&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1740737245569{padding-top: 84px !important;padding-bottom: 84px !important;background-image: url(https:\/\/xma.iurisdoc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/background-2.jpg?id=8938) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#B3B3B300&#8243; bg_grad=&#8221;background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%, #E3E3E3), color-stop(100%, #FFFFFF));background: -moz-linear-gradient(top,#E3E3E3 0%,#FFFFFF 100%);background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top,#E3E3E3 0%,#FFFFFF 100%);background: -o-linear-gradient(top,#E3E3E3 0%,#FFFFFF 100%);background: -ms-linear-gradient(top,#E3E3E3 0%,#FFFFFF 100%);background: linear-gradient(top,#E3E3E3 0%,#FFFFFF 100%);&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<div class=\"comissionariat-title color-negro orientation-true\" style=\"\" id=\"\">\n        <h2 class=\"fade-in\"><\/h2><div class=\"song_holder fade-in\"><a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/intl-es\/track\/0NWPxcsf5vdjdiFUI8NgkP?si=3ad7d8d3c5bc4996\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow, noindex\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/themes\/bridge-child\/assets\/icons\/play.svg\" \/><div class=\"song_content\"><div class=\"song_name\">Hey Joe<\/div><div class=\"song_artist\">Jimi Hendrix<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;font-gran width-80 fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although violent conflict has cycled constantly throughout history, war has never been and never will be the answer.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/6&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1739785784681{background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: contain !important;}&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/6&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/6&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1742467637102{margin-bottom: 90px !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308093672{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9221&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308282077{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308357041{margin-right: 20px !important;margin-left: 60px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda m2-left-res m2-right-res m2-bottom-res&#8221;]Joan Rabascall. Atomic kiss, 1968. Acrylic on canvas, 162 x 97 cm. R.3219. MACBA Collection. Long-term loan by the Ajuntament de Barcelona. \u00a9 Joan Rabascall, VEGAP, Barcelona. Photography: Gasull[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308099979{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9227&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308290482{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308166195{margin-right: 20px !important;margin-left: 20px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda m2-left-res m2-right-res m2-bottom-res&#8221;]Vicente Gil Franco. Bombardment (obverse) \/ Sketch of a dog (reverse), 1937. Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya, coming from the \u201cInternational Exposition\u201d of Paris, 1937. \u00a9 The author or their heirs.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308108675{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9224&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308298700{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308183983{margin-right: 20px !important;margin-left: 20px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda m2-left-res m2-right-res m2-bottom-res&#8221;]Andr\u00e9s Fern\u00e1ndez Cuervo Sierra. Bombardment, 1937. Museu Nacional d\u2019Art de Catalunya, coming from the \u201cInternational Exposition\u201d of Paris, 1937. \u00a9 The author or their heirs.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308118198{padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9230&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308311133{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1747308195547{margin-right: 20px !important;margin-left: 20px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda m2-left-res m2-right-res m2-bottom-res&#8221;]Josep Sancho Piqu\u00e9. Horrors of a war: \u2018Oh beautiful light! &#8230; The one and true of everlasting Life!\u2019, 1939. Ink drawing on white paper. 24.5 x 32 cm. Reference: MAMT NIG 1009. Diputaci\u00f3 de Tarragona. Museu d&#8217;Art Modern. Arxiu Fotogr\u00e0fic \/ Alberich Fot\u00f2grafs.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741616495929{margin-top: 120px !important;margin-bottom: 120px !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;element_from_bottom&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9233&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744274771336{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741264248688{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kristin Oppenheimer focuses on this topic as well, with a stripped down version of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/intl-es\/track\/0NWPxcsf5vdjdiFUI8NgkP?si=3ad7d8d3c5bc4996\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hey Joe<\/span> <\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">by Jimi Hendrix, an iconic war protest song.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kristin Oppenheim.<\/span> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hey Joe<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1996. Spotlight, speakers, IT system, and sound recording, 2 min. 15 s. Variable dimensions. R.4281, MACBA Collection. MACBA Consortium. \u00a9 Kristin Oppenheim.    <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741616535899{margin-top: 34px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9242&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744274777956{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741264988435{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The drawings by Carme Sanglas are a cry to draw attention to our disconnection from the natural environment. <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carme Sanglas. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Untitled\/Girl shaking out a sheet<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2009. Ink on paper, 21 x 29.6 cm. R. ME 2563. Museu de l\u2019Empord\u00e0. \u00a9 Carme Sangla   <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9236&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744274783664{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741265024648{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fina Miralles also reminds us of the need to return to the essential.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fina Miralles.<\/span> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relationships. The Body\u2019s Relationship with Natural Elements in Everyday Actions. Looking at the Sun,  <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1975\/2020. Inkjet printing on paper. MACBA Collection. MACBA Consortium. Donation by the artist.   <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a9 Fina Miralles<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9239&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1744274789174{margin-bottom: 36px !important;}&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741265070040{margin-bottom: 46px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">She did it in the same way as Joan Mir\u00f3 had done it before her.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joan Mir\u00f3. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Woman in Front of the Sun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 1974. Acrylic on canvas, 258.5 x 194 cm. R. FJM 4790. Fundaci\u00f3 Joan Mir\u00f3, Barcelona. \u00a9 Successi\u00f3 Mir\u00f3, 2024.   <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741616589394{padding-top: 94px !important;padding-bottom: 120px !important;background-color: #000000 !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: contain !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;background-top-center&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741265482075{padding-bottom: 64px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741265402956{margin-top: 24px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Without the sun, life would be impossible. It is an essential element, not only for life but also for our future sustainability. <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9245&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741265517639{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pedro Torres.<\/span> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">House of the Sun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2020. Various materials. Variable dimensions. R.6293,   <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MACBA Collection. Long-term loan from the Generalitat de Catalunya. National Contemporary Art Collection.  <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a9 Pedro Torres<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9248&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9251&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; qode_css_animation=&#8221;element_from_fade&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1746711824292{padding-top: 94px !important;padding-bottom: 94px !important;background: #000000 url(https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/bombetes.jpg?id=9402) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}&#8221; z_index=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;background-top-center&#8221;][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; type=&#8221;grid&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741257574282{padding-bottom: 94px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;80px&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741269352788{margin-top: 24px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;color-blanc fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To end our journey, we have some \u201csimple\u201d light bulbs that have the ability to remind us of life\u2019s important moments&#8230;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Along with social and collective moments.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1741269678754{margin-top: 48px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;llegenda color-blanc width-80 fade-in&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Iv\u00e1n Argote.<\/span> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Who Didn&#8217;t Ever Play to Ancestors, to Prehistory of His Flesh and Blood?<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2013. Light installation, 178 light bulbs, 10,000 cm electric cable. R.5201, MACBA Collection. MACBA Consortium. Private long-term loan.   <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a9 Iv\u00e1n Argote. Photo: ADN Galeria. <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;60px&#8221;]<div class=\"comissionariat-title color-blanco orientation-true\" style=\"\" id=\"\">\n        <h2 class=\"fade-in\"><\/h2><div class=\"song_holder fade-in\"><a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/intl-es\/track\/0WQiDwKJclirSYG9v5tayI?si=0d73b4825f224a16\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow, noindex\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/xarxa.museunacional.cat\/wp-content\/themes\/bridge-child\/assets\/icons\/play.svg\" \/><div class=\"song_content\"><div class=\"song_name\">There Is a Light That Never Goes Out<\/div><div class=\"song_artist\">The Smiths<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css_animation=&#8221;&#8221; row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; 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